12 Ancient Chinese Dog Breeds & Their Rich Histories

Chinese Dog Breeds with Long Histories

Pugs, Shih Tzus, and Chow Chows may seem like modern favorites, but their roots trace back over a millennium. Chinese art, historical accounts, and the narratives of early Western explorers all attest to the deep heritage of these breeds. “China may have been the first place where dogs were domesticated,” notes Kelsey Granger, PhD, historian of Chinese animal culture. Her research explores how lap dogs traveled along the Silk Road and the unique roles dogs played in imperial China.

We spoke with Dr. Lisa Neuman, DVM, founder of Bayshore Animal Hospital, to learn about each breed’s temperament and care needs. Below you’ll find a concise overview of the most celebrated Chinese dog breeds and practical insights from an experienced veterinarian.

The History of Dogs in China

While early Chinese depictions from 200 BCE show a variety of hunting and working dogs—greyhound‑like sighthounds and mastiff‑like guardians—clear breed definitions did not emerge until later. Dogs served three primary roles: as food or sacrificial offerings, as guard and hunting companions for the elite, and eventually as lap pets.

The first documented “lap dogs” were gifted to the emperor between 618 and 626 AD. These small, docile dogs earned a place in the royal household, paving the way for other pets such as cats. The Saluki, a Persian hunting hound, also entered Chinese elite circles during the Tang dynasty, illustrating early animal trade along the Silk Road.

In recent decades, breeds originating in Tibet have been reclassified as Chinese. Whether called Tibetan or Chinese often reflects political context rather than biology.

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About the Experts

Kelsey Granger, PhD – historian of China specializing in animal culture, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Research Fellow, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. She earned her PhD at Cambridge (2022) and received the 2023 Sir George Staunton Prize for work on lap dog traditions along the Silk Road.
Lisa Neuman, DVM – graduate of the University of Utah (BS) and Kansas State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine (DVM). She has practiced since 1997 and founded Bayshore Animal Hospital in 2006.

1. Pekingese

The Pekingese is a toy breed that was meticulously bred for China’s imperial court. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), legend says a lion was shrunk by the Buddha to create this breed—an explanation that fits their lion‑like mane. Western interest began after the Opium War in 1860 when British troops captured the emperor’s summer palace. They introduced the breed to the United States in the late 1890s; the AKC officially recognized it in 1906.

Pekingese are known for their affectionate loyalty but require careful weight management to prevent intervertebral disc disease. They are also prone to wrist and elbow arthritis in older dogs and do not tolerate heat well.

2. Shih Tzu

Another lap dog famed for its lion‑like appearance, the Shih Tzu was bred in palace kitchens for the elite. Historically, breeders received lavish gifts when they produced particularly affectionate pups. Since the 1930s, the Shih Tzu has become the 20th most popular breed on the AKC list.

Despite their small size, Shih Tzus are prone to brachycephalic syndrome—an airway obstruction that can be surgically corrected. They boast one of the longest lifespans of any dog, often reaching 18 years.

3. Chinese Shar‑Pei

Famous for its deep wrinkles, the Shar‑Pei traces back to southern China during the Han dynasty (2,000 + years ago). Bred for peasants, they served as watchdogs over livestock and homes and are noted for their quiet demeanor.

After a near extinction during the 1949 Communist regime, the breed was rescued and gained AKC recognition in 1992. Today, the Shar‑Pei ranks among the top 100 breeds.

4. Chow Chow

Considered one of the world’s oldest breeds, the Chow Chow’s origins can be traced to artifacts from the Han dynasty (206 BCE). Emperors of the Tang dynasty reportedly owned thousands of them. They evolved into versatile hunting, hauling, and herding dogs.

Chows tend to be devoted to one person but are tolerant of family members. Their thick undercoat deters parasites, yet they require frequent grooming and should be kept cool during hot weather.

5. Pug

Pugs were popular in the Song dynasty (960–1279) as lap companions. They arrived in Europe in the 1500s and were beloved by Queen Victoria, who reportedly owned 36 during her reign. The AKC currently lists the Pug as the 35th most popular breed.

Like other flat‑facial breeds, Pugs can develop brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Early surgical intervention can improve quality of life. They also tend to be overweight and snore loudly.

6. Chinese Crested

Originating from hairless dogs that may have migrated from Africa, the Chinese Crested was bred into miniature versions in China. Historically known as the “Chinese ship dog,” sailors prized them for eliminating disease‑carrying vermin aboard ships.

AKC recognition came in 1991. The breed comes in two varieties: hairless (covered only on the head, tail, and ankles) and powdered (with a soft coat). Hairless dogs may develop skin issues and require sun protection in sunny climates.

7. Lhasa Apso

Dating back a millennium, the Lhasa Apso hails from the Himalayan region. Historically used as guard dogs at palace gates and monasteries, they are closely associated with the Dalai Lama, who popularized them worldwide in the 1940s.

Their long, flowing coat demands regular grooming. They are loyal companions and thrive in stable households.

8. Japanese Chin

Despite its name, the Japanese Chin’s origins are debated; some trace it to China or Korea, while others suggest arrival via British merchant ships. It is closely related to the Tibetan Spaniel.

Recognized by the AKC in 1888, it ranks 105th on the popularity list. As with other flat‑facial breeds, it is prone to brachycephalic airway issues.

9. Tibetan Terrier

Not a true terrier, the Tibetan Terrier is a medium‑sized dog with a double coat and snowshoe‑like feet, bred for the Himalayan climate. Historically, they served as watchdogs and herders and were often seen in Buddhist monasteries.

10. Tibetan Spaniel

The Tibetan Spaniel was originally a monk’s companion and sentry. They are affectionately called “little lions” for their mane. Today they are beloved family pets, known for their loyalty and child‑friendly nature.

11. Xiasi Quan

Originating in the Guizhou province village of Xiasi in 1080 AD, this rare breed was believed to bring prosperity. Once a hunting dog, the Xiasi Quan is now known for its gentle temperament and intelligence. With fewer than 300 purebred individuals worldwide, it remains one of the world’s rarest dogs.

12. Tibetan Mastiff

Originating on the Tibetan Plateau, the Tibetan Mastiff was a guardian of monks and later livestock. Renowned for its strength—males can reach 150 lbs—this breed is best suited for experienced owners. They shed heavily but require minimal grooming.

FAQs

What is the history of dogs as pets in China?

Dogs were domesticated in China around 5,000 BCE, but the concept of companion dogs emerged in the 600s AD when performing dogs were gifted to the emperor. Lap‑dog culture followed, especially among elite women during the 8th–10th centuries.

What role do dogs play in Chinese culture?

Historically, dogs served as hunting companions, guard dogs, and sacrificial animals. A post‑WWII Cultural Revolution crackdown nearly wiped out several breeds. In recent decades, relaxed regulations have restored dogs as affectionate family companions.

Why Trust Us

Reader’s Digest commits to high‑quality, expert‑verified content. This article was written by Elizabeth Heath, a seasoned canine behavior journalist, and reviewed by Dr. Caroline Coile, PhD, award‑winning journalist in canine science. All facts are sourced from reputable primary research, including interviews with Kelsey Granger, PhD, and Lisa Neuman, DVM.

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